At the age of 17, only a year after the United States entered World War I, Buckles lied about his age and joined the US Army.  Buckles volunteered as an ambulance driver and was sent to France where he found the suffering of the French people disturbing.  In a 2001 interview for the Library of Congress’ Veterans History Project, Buckles said, “’The little French children were hungry….To me, that was a pretty sad sight,’” demonstrating his compassion for those living in the midst of the Great War.  During his time in France, he also escorted German prisoners of war back to their homeland after the signing of the Armistice. 

After the war, Buckles held various positions with shipping and steamship companies and was assigned to locations throughout the world.  During World War II, he was working as a civilian in Manila and was captured by the Japanese and held for 39 months in a prisoner of war camp.  In the mid-1950s, Buckles settled in Charles Town, West Virginia where he owned and ran a cattle farm.  Buckles remained quite active until his death.  Aside from maintaining his farm (he continued to drive his tractor until the age of 106), he advocated for a suitable memorial in Washington, DC to commemorate the sacrifices of those with whom he served in World War I.

In March 2008, Buckles visited the nation’s capital and was disturbed by the condition in which he found the World War I memorial.  The monument was dedicated in 1931 as a memorial to the 499 residents of the District of Columbia who gave their lives during World War I.  At the time of Buckles’ visit, no national memorial was in place for all World War I veterans.  Buckles made it his personal mission to change this.  After gaining the support of Senators John D. Rockefeller (D-WV), Jim Webb (D-VA), and John Thune (D-SD), Buckles testified before the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on National Parks in December 2009 in support of Senate Bill 2097, the Frank Buckles World War I Memorial Act.  The act was passed and work began at a furious rate in hopes of completing the restoration project before Buckles’ death (Buckles was 108 when the bill was passed). 

Though the restoration continues and Buckles will not be able to see the product of his work to memorialize the efforts of World War I veterans, his efforts will not soon be forgotten by the descendents of those who served in The Great War.  Frank Buckles lived a long and remarkable life.  Even as he approached 100 years old, he continued to make public appearances in an attempt to keep the memory of those who sacrificed everything during World War I alive in the minds of a generation who may otherwise never have a firsthand account of that time.   To read about Frank Buckles’ life in his own words, visit his website.  Frank Buckles was a humble man, typical of many who risked their lives or sacrificed their lives to enhance our freedoms.  We will try to do our part to follow his initiatives to recognize the veterans of World War I. 

11 Nov 2008
           
It is a private matter who you or I voted for to be the President of the United States one week ago.  It is a public responsibility, however, no matter how we voted, to now offer our support and best wishes for the new President’s success in keeping this nation strong, ensuring the liberties we have fought and died for, and making the country better every single generation for the generation that follows.
 
I take great pride in having served under 7 Presidents while in uniformed service.  (I missed Lyndon Johnson by 2 months, but served under Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, James Earl Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, William Clinton, and George W. Bush.)  Though those 7 men were the Commander in Chief, as a member of the United States Army and the United States Air Force, I worked not for them as men, but for the American people.  My duty, my allegiance, and my sworn oath were to support and defend the Constitution of the United States.  I will do so until I draw my final breath, in uniform or not.    

Some Presidents enjoyed my respect for the steadfastness of their character and the quality of their leadership.  Some whose ethics or moral fiber I did not respect still received my loyalty.  They were, after all, the elected leader of the American people, and that’s who those of us who wear or have worn the uniform work for.  I kept my own counsel – it didn’t matter if I respected them as leaders or merely served because they held the highest office the citizens of this nation can bestow upon a fellow American.  Male or female.  White or black.  Just an American elected by other Americans.  That’s reason enough for me.
           
These reflections of fealty and respect come to me now because the recent election, like the two that preceded it, was as momentarily divisive and vicious as – well, as every other American election.  Only our very first President was unopposed and received 100% of the Electoral College votes.  

The second US election, between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, was characterized by brutal campaigning, vicious lies, yellow journalism, and much enmity all the way around.  Adams won by 3 electoral votes, only to lose to Jefferson 4 years later by 8 votes.  The two despised each other.  But, as Americans are (uniquely?) able to do, they also respected each other’s intellect and contributions to the cause of liberty.  They began, after their terms as President, a lifelong correspondence that did not concluded until the death of both men on the same day, July 4, 1826.  The 50th anniversary of the day both signed the Declaration of Independence.  With Adams’ last words allegedly being, “At least Jefferson lives.”

Every election since has been the same.  We begin with vehement disagreement and, optimistically, we end by closing ranks and giving our support to the new President (all the while looking forward to the next election, of course.)  This time will be no different.  The entertainers who promised to leave the country 4 years ago if George W. Bush was re-elected disappointed us mightily by not having the courage to actually leave.  This time around, those who are claiming they’ll take their guns and canned goods to a mountain redoubt will likely prove equally disappointing. 

Our nation has endured the Presidencies of Franklin Pierce, Warren G. Harding, James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson and – well, if they’re still living, they’ve endured enough, so let’s leave it at that.  No matter what happens, we’ve seen worse.  Some of us served under worse than we could possibly imagine going forward.  Through it all, the common sense of the American people gets us through the worst of times and is there to reap the reward of their faith in the best of times,

I believe those who have defended the right to vote however we damn well choose, who have defended our right to disagree, who have defended our right to be wrong from time to time, and who have defended the Constitution itself, too often with their life’s blood, are among those who return to the citizenry at large most knowledgeable about just how unique and extraordinary our constitutional form of government is. 

Our Veterans are the guardians of the Constitution, for they are able to compare other forms of government they have seen, fought alongside, or fought against.  And they know firsthand the inexplicable elation of being able to repeat the following words, words that bring a catch in the throat of those taking it and those administering it.  This oath is for military officers; NCOs and enlisted personnel swear a very similar oath:

“I, ((Full Name)),  having been appointed an officer in the ((Branch of Service)) of the United States, as indicated above in the grade of ((Rank)) do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign or domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservations or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office upon which I am about to enter; So help me God.” 
           
As of this date, 11 November 2008, there is 1 veteran of World War I still alive (note:  Frank Buckles, age 107, is a resident of Charles Town where APUS is headquartered).  The best estimates are that there are 2,306,000 living service-members who served during World War II; 2,307,000 men and women who served during the Korean War; 7,125,000 Americans of every color, ethnic background, and political philosophy who were in uniformed service during the Vietnam War; 2,269,000 who served in Desert Storm and another 3,000,000 who have served or are still serving in Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.  It shouldn’t be too difficult to find one to say “Thank you.”  Don’t worry or be embarrassed if it’s the day after Veteran’s day or a day 6 months hence.  Still thank them.  No matter when they served, no matter where, no matter for how long or in what capacity – they are the guardians of our Constitution.  Many have the scars, and some only a lonely marker where they now lie forever still, to prove it.
           
Thank you, Veterans.  To every one who has ever served, who does so today, or will in the future, I salute you.

Respectfully,
Joseph L. Shaefer
B Gen, USAF, Ret.

Over the next several decades, Armistice Day was celebrated as a day to honor those who served in World War I.  Upon its conclusion, many referred to World War I as “The Great War,” believing that as horrific as it was, there was no chance that the world would see such a monumental conflict again.  As the United States found itself in the throes of World War II, it became evident that “The Great War” was soon to be undermined by the shocking events and total devastation of World War II.  Americans began to understand the importance of honoring all veterans, not just those who served in World War I.

Al King, an Emporia, Kansas shoe store owner became the champion of changing Armistice Day to Veterans Day and after garnering much local support, Mr. King presented his idea to then Kansas Representative Ed Rees.  On May 26, 1954, President Eisenhower signed a bill officially changing Armistice Day to “All Veterans Day.”  Congress amended the act in November to simplify the name to Veterans Day. 

Since the conclusion of World War II, America has found itself in the midst of conflict with several nations.  From Korea to Vietnam to today’s War on Terror, American servicemen and women have served our country valiantly and honorably.  Without their heroism the American way of life that we cherish would not be possible.  Many organizations devote their resources to helping veterans.  The Military Order of the Purple Heart is one of the most well-known of these groups.  By accepting donations of household goods, including vehicles, the organization is able to raise funds to promote the physical and mental rehabilitation of combat-wounded soldiers.  Project Healing Waters is an organization that has approached their mission of assisting in the rehabilitation of wounded veterans in a creative way; the organization “serves military personnel who have been wounded, injured or disabled…by introducing or rebuilding the skills of fly fishing and fly tying and by using and enjoying these skills on fishing outings and as lifelong recreation.”  These are just two of many organizations dedicated to provide a service in gratitude to the heroes of our nation.

At APUS, where the majority of our students are affiliated with the military, we recognize and honor the tremendous commitment and sacrifice made by our nation’s military.  Today, veterans, we honor you and your commitment and sacrifice to our country.  Thank you for all you’ve done.

Before I provide you with the rest of the history of the Marine Corps, I need to disclose that our founder, Major James Etter, was an enlisted Marine in Vietnam and after attending college on the GI Bill after the war, became a Marine aviator.  He retired after twenty-six years of service.  When Jim founded American Military University, he solicited the assistance of General Al Gray, the twenty-ninth Commandant of the Marine Corps.  General Gray, a soldier’s soldier, not only provided guidance, but became a member of the AMU board, eventually the Board Chair, and continues to serve as a member of the Board today and as our Board Chairman, emeritus.  Writing about the Marines from information available on the web might trigger a call from either individual if I am not accurate, but I will attempt to get the facts right.

Upon its inception, the Continental Marines served aboard naval vessels, offering protection against mutinies and enemy vessels.  The Marines served in this capacity (as well as in many others as their mission expanded based on American security needs) until 1990 when the last Marine security detachments were removed from Navy ships.  Today, the Marines work closely with the Navy which helps facilitate rapid transportation and logistics for the Marines as they serve around the world.

Even in its infancy as a military force, the Marines served bravely and effectively in the First Barbary War (1801-1805) against Barbary pirates.  It was during this conflict that William Eaton and First Lieutenant Presley O’Bannon led a force of only seven Marines and three hundred mercenaries in an attempt to take Tripoli; though the effort was unsuccessful (the expedition only reached Derna), the action is commemorated in the Marines’ hymn.  In the War of 1812, the Marines participated in the intense naval battles which characterized that conflict.  During the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), the Marines successfully captured the Chapultepec Palace in Mexico City, another victory memorialized in the hymn.

During the American Civil War, the Marines dedicated the majority of their efforts to helping secure the Union blockade of the Confederacy which aided in the Union victory.  From the end of the Civil War to the beginning of World War I, the Marines participated in several international engagements, including the Philippine-American War (1899-1902), the Boxer Rebellion in China (1899-1901), as well as in Panama, Cuba, Morocco, Haiti and Nicaragua.

The fierceness of the Marines in World War I helped develop their reputation as one of the world’s top military fighting forces.  World War II brought several significant battles for the Marines in the Pacific theater.  During World War II the Marines began using the Navajo Code which was one of the keys to the victory of the western nations over the Axis Powers.  The famous photo of five Marines and one Navy Corpsman raising the American flag over Iwo Jima was taken by photographer Joe Rosenthal during World War II.

The Korean War (1950-1953) brought with it a tremendous growth in numbers of the Marine Corps, expanding their ranks from “75,000 regulars to a force of 261,000 Marines…” The Marines played a significant role during the Vietnam War (1959-1975), participating in some of the most intense battles, including those for Da Nang, Hue City and Khe Sanh.  Following the conclusion of the Vietnam War, the Marines were called to provide support for several international military interventions.  In 1980, the Marines participated in Operation Eagle Claw, the effort to rescue fifty-three hostages being held at the American Embassy in Tehran.  Marines also participated in the invasions of Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury) and Panama (Operation Just Cause).  

During the first Gulf War (1990-1991), the Marines were the first on the ground.  Marines have played a significant role in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, as well as the larger War on Terror.  In recent years the Marines have participated in many humanitarian missions.  The Marines helped provide relief to the victims of the December 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean.  Earlier this year, the Marines provided much needed medical and school supplies to citizens in Liberia.  

The Marines’ motto is Semper Fidelis, Always Faithful.  Throughout their history, the Marines have proven themselves worthy of such a credo.  Marines, some of whom are our students, congratulations on the 233rd birthday!    If any of you who are not Marines have had the privilege to attend a Marine Corps birthday celebration, they know how to do it right!  My neighbor, Lt. Col. (ret.) Ed Hall has hosted a Marine Corps Birthday Ball at his house for twelve years.  The tradition honoring Marines present from the oldest military engagement to the most recent, is moving.  Jim Etter, Al Gray, thank you for your dedication to American Military University and the American Public University System.  You will always be special to us and your service to your nation as Marines will forever be remembered.

The debate over establishing the United States Navy was long and arduous.  Many felt that the endeavor was a fruitless waste of funds; they believed that the British Navy was far too superior for the United States to even compete.  Others, including John Adams of Massachusetts, were fervent supporters of the development of an American naval force.  It was not until the Congress received intelligence that two British ships were on their way from England to Quebec, unarmed and without a protection convoy that the pro-naval advocates began to gain support.  The vulnerability of the two British ships seemed too good an opportunity to allow pass.  Within only a few days of receiving the information, the Congress authorized the outfitting of the two American vessels.

The new navy had surprising success during the course of the American War of Independence, taking “nearly two hundred British ships…, contributing to the demoralization of the enemy and forcing the British to divert warships to protect convoys and trade routes.”  With the British defeated and American independence secured, however, the new nation turned its attention toward securing its western borders and the attention given to the navy diminished to the point that for nearly a decade, it was nonexistent.  In its absence, the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service, the forerunner of the modern U.S. Coast Guard (see my recent article on the Coast Guard), policed the American seas.  The outbreak of civil war again proved the importance of a naval fighting force; the fact that the Union had one that vastly overpowered that of the Confederacy was vital to the eventual Union victory.  The United States Navy has been in operation without interruption since its re-establishment just prior to the Civil War.

As American policy and security interests have evolved, so too have the activities of the Navy.  United States naval participation in World War I was precipitated by German submarine attacks on civilian shipping interests.  The Navy was instrumental in the defeat of the Axis powers in World War II, a contribution they were all too happy to make after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.  The United States Navy was instrumental to the war efforts during the conflicts in Korea and Vietnam.  During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Navy’s blockade of the island was fundamental to American negotiations with the Cubans and Soviets.  The Navy has participated in Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom and the ongoing War on Terrorism.  Dedicated in all ways to protecting American interests and promoting a positive American image around the world, the Navy embarked on a unique public-private partnership after the devastating 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean.  Partnering with a coalition of non-profits, led by Project HOPE, an international non-profit dedicated to providing medical attention to those most in need around the world, the Navy manned its two hospital ships, the USNS Comfort and the USNS Mercy, with volunteer doctors, nurses and other medical staff members, civilian and military, to provide much needed medical attention to the hundreds of thousands affected by the disaster.  The partnership has continued with missions to other areas of the world in which medical attention is scarce, including coastal areas in Latin America, Africa and Southeast Asia.  In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, the Navy deployed the USS Bataan to assist with disaster relief efforts.

From its fledgling beginnings, the United States Navy has become the world’s largest and strongest, with a tonnage greater than that of the next seventeen closest of the world’s navies combined.  There are more than 332,000 active Navy personnel and nearly 124,000 ready reserves.  Sailors, many of whom are our students, today we salute you on your 233rd birthday!